Petroleum Industry and Petroleum Geology

Petroleum exploration is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface, such as oil and natural gas. Oil and gas exploration are grouped under the science of petroleum geology. Visible surface features such as oil seeps, natural gas seeps, and pockmarks. Provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth). However, most exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine the extent of these deposits using exploration geophysics. Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a gravity survey, magnetic survey, and passive seismic or regional seismic reflection surveys to detect large-scale features of the sub-surface geology. Features of interest (known as leads) are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of the time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter (rock) of varying densities and using the process of depth conversion to create a profile of the substructure. Finally, when a prospect has been identified.

The science of geology is defined as of two types i.e. geochemistry and geophysics. Geochemistry is a major component of petroleum geology which describes the knowledge about the mineralogical composition of rocks quality and pore-fluid chemistry  whereas Geophysics contributes to understanding the structure involved in trapping, folds, faults and understanding the wells known as, lithology, porosity and their applications. Petrochemical and processing chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil  i.e. (petroleum) and natural gas into beneficial products or raw materials. These petrochemicals have become an unique part of the chemical industry today, and can readily be applied to fundamental human needs like health, hygiene, housing and food. It is a designing science and an innovative business sector, constantly adapting to new environments and new technology challenges.

Exploration geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses physical methods (such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic) at the surface of the Earth to measure the physical properties of the subsurface, along with the anomalies in those properties. It is most often used to detect or infer the presence and position of economically useful geological deposits, such as ore minerals, fossil fuels and other hydrocarbons, geothermal reservoirs; and groundwater reservoirs. Exploration geophysics can be used to directly detect the target style of mineralization, via measuring its physical properties directly. For example, one may measure the density contrasts between iron ore and silicate wall rocks, or may measure the electrical conductivity contrast between conductive sulphide minerals and barren silicate minerals

Well logging also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a detailed record of the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. The log may be based either on visual inspection of samples brought to the surface or on physical measurements made by instruments lowered into the hole (geophysical logs). Some types of geophysical well logs can be done during any phase of a well's history are drilling, completing, producing, or abandoning.

Seismic exploration is the search for commercially economic subsurface deposits of crude oil, natural gas, and minerals by the recording, processing, and interpretation of artificially induced shock waves inthe earth. Artificial seismic energy is generated on land by shallow borehole explosives such as dynamite, or surficial vibratory mechanisms mounted on specialized trucks  in marine environments, air guns fire highly compressed air bubbles into the water that transmit seismic wave energy into the subsurface rock layers. Seismic waves reflect and refract off subsurface rock formations and travel back to acoustic receivers called geophones (on land) or hydrophones (in water). The travel times (measured in milliseconds) of the returned seismic energy, integrated with existing borehole well information, aid geoscientists in estimating the structure (folding and faulting) and stratigraphy (rock type, depositional environment, and fluid content) of subsurface formations, and facilitate the location of prospective drillingtargets. Data Acquisition Method, Processing Techniques, Interpretation methods are using for Seismic exploration.

Basin Evaluation maintains a range of topics related to the unique elements and processes of the petroleum and refinery system, including hydrocarbon generation, migration, collection of all mass and alteration of masses. Techniques for source rock evaluation and maintaining of organic maturation are reviewed, and the mechanisms and efficiencies of migration are constructed again. This track progresses to focus on thermal history modelling and basin analysis, which provides the time prediction and extent of generation in sedimentary basins. Sedimentary basins are the region of earth crust which subsidence creating accommodation space for infilling by segments .Study of different type of rocks are possible by observing the sedimentary basin. The different type of rocks are igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks 

In primary recovery stage, reservoir drive comes from a number of natural mechanisms. These include: natural water displacing oil downward into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion of gas initially dissolved in the crude oil typically, Secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by water injection. Enhanced, or Tertiary oil recovery methods increase the mobility of the oil in order to increase extraction. Fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Fracking is a slang term for hydraulic fracturing. Fracking refers to the procedure of creating fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting fluid into cracks to force them further open. The larger fissures allow more oil and gas to flow out of the formation and into the wellbore, from where it can be extracted.

This process is based on the principle where different substances boil at different temperatures. For example:crude  kerosene and naphtha, which are useful fractions (naphtha is made into petrol for cars, and kerosene is made into jet fuel)t  which is present in crude oil. While evaporating  the mixture of kerosene and naphtha, and then cool it, the kerosene condenses at a higher temperature rather than the naphtha. Where the mixture cools, the kerosene condenses first, and the naphtha condenses later. This is mechanism where fractional distillation works. The main equipment is a fractionator which structure is like a tall cylinder. Inside this column there are many trays and horizontal plates are located at different heights. Each tray collects a different fraction of boiled crude oil when it is cooling and condenses. The crude oil is heated up to the temperature 350°C, which makes maximum evaporation of oil. The fluid then enters the column. Moves up through the fractionator, each fraction cools and condenses at a different temperature. As each fraction of liquid condenses, the liquid is collected in the basin i.e. trays. Substances having higher boiling points condense on the lower trays in that column. Substances having lower boiling points condense on the higher trays. The trays having valves, which allow the vapour to bubble state through the liquid in the tray. This helps the vapour to quick cool and quick condense . The liquid from each tray then flows out of the column.

Petrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil and natural gas into useful products or raw materials. These petrochemicals have become an essential part of the chemical industry today. It may be possible to make petroleum from any kind of organic matter under suitable conditions. The concentration of organic matter is not very high in the original deposits, but petroleum and natural gas evolved in places that favoured retention, such as sealed-off porous sandstones. Petroleum, produced over millions of years by natural changes in organic materials, accumulates beneath the earth's surface in extremely large quantities.

There is a number of observations are collected which shows that oil and gas do not originate generally but they must have migrated into the sedimentary basins  . as previously given that organic matter is easily destroyed by oxidization in porous , permeable sediments at the earth surface . oil and gas are trapped in the highest point of a permeable rock unit ,which implies upward and lateral migration .oil, gas and water occur in porous permeable reservoir rock stratified as per as their relative densities value . this stratification implies that they are ,free to migrate vertically and laterally with in the reservoir .

Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries  to convert crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), gasoline or petrol,kerosene, diesel oil, jet fuel and fuel oils. Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes which involves many different processing units and auxiliary facilities like processing units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique combination and arrangement of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, economic considerations and desired products. An petroleum refinery is a plant industrial process where raw crude oil is processed and refined to produce more useful products such as gasoline (petrol), petroleum naphtha, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene , diesel fuel,  and liquefied petroleum gas.

The petroleum industry consists of global exploration, extraction, refining, transporting, and marketing of petroleum products. The major i.e. largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).Equipment used by this industry varies other equipment like earth moving equipment in lease preparation for exploitative drilling for preparation of site for large refineries and plant sites. Hoisting equipment as well as trenching equipment are also included in this. Heat exchangers are used of heating and cooling purpose. condensers  and coolers are also used for condensing and cooling purpose respectively

Crude oil (also called petroleum) is a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Many useful products can be made from these hydrocarbons. But first the useful ones must be extracted from the crude oil and separated from one another.  The different hydrocarbon components of crude oil are called fractions. The fractions are separated from one another using a process called fractional distillation. OPEC is responsible for 40% of oil production of world, and sets several policies among all countries to meet global consumption. OPEC can affect the crude oil price by enhancing or deducting  production among member countries. Supply and demand are major part of petroleum industry. Global oil inventories balance this. If production exceeds demand, supplies should be more accordingly. When consumption exceeds demand, the incremental demand can be trapped by inventories, the relationship between oil prices and oil inventories allows for corrections in both direction.

The petroleum system mapping is a way of representing all the elements related to that system basing ongeographic study . The geographic extent of a system is the copy of all geographic area in which the active main source is found. The system size is determined by geographic extend while the temporal extent traced on the events chart shown the ages of important  sub elements and elements . and events such as different process, preservation time, and critical moment of a system in its history. The ancient history is explained by thestratigraphic extent which is traced basing on the lithological units of the system.

Transportation, industry, defence, commerce, technology, research and development and many other facts of human activities are directly or indirectly linked with the regular use of petroleum or its sub-products. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, raw material for a number of manufacturing industries and lubricants for machinery.

Heavier oils are used in offices, homes and central heating plants for shops.  Oil is also used in domestic use and to produce electricity for industrial. The lighter grades of oil such as ‘kerosene’ are still used for domestic purposes. Lubricants are very useful for all types of machines especially for the transportation machines and industries. All types of greases and lubricants are produced from petroleum.  The vast range of sophisticatedmachinery in use and Vehicles of all kinds in offices and factories rely on lubricants and would grind to standstill if they were not available.

The global economy presents its own opportunities and different threats for businesses in a range of large scale industries. Industry operators explore for, developing and operating the oil and gas fields. This industry , extraction of oil from oil shale and oil sands, mining, the natural gas production, includes the production of crude petroleum sulphur recovery from natural gas and the recovery of liquids. Transport, refining and marketing activities are hydrocarbon excluded from this industry

 Petroleum is sold as fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas. Demand for petroleum is driven by auto and truck use, as well as heating in home also. The top two countries that consume the most petroleum are China and Japan; together they account for 20% of total global usage

Petroleum Geology 2016 enables a distinctive platform for converting potential ideas into great business. The present conference will bring together a broad participation came from Entrepreneurs, Proposers, Investors, international financial organizations, business associations, academia and professionals in the field of recycling, waste management and its related sciences. This investment meet facilitates the most enhanced and practical business for engaging people in to constructive discussions, evaluation and execution of promising business.